Passive envelope first. Building form, insulation, airtightness and shading do the heavy lifting before any plant is specified.
Decoupled ventilation (DOAS). Latent and sensible loads are separated so each is handled at its most efficient point.
High-efficiency plant with heat recovery. Heat-recovery chillers turn waste heat into free hot water.
On-site generation and storage. BIPV, floating PV, BESS and microgrid island-mode where the site allows.
Water as an energy system. Rainwater, greywater and condensate recovery with MBR reuse.
Measured, not claimed. Sub-metered BMS plus monitoring & verification (M&V) prove every number.
Generational advantage over traditional buildings. Building energy use 10%~30% of a traditional building, structural load ~15%, and on-site construction time ~30%.
Insulation Coating Selection Guide
Four insulation coating families compared across mechanism, dual insulation-plus-thermal behaviour, colour, temperature range, thickness, fire rating and service life. For industrial pipes and tanks — hot or cryogenic — aerogel is the only full-range option; for white roofs with summer-only cooling, radiant-cooling or reflective coatings apply.
| Dimension | Aerogel insulation coating | Radiant cooling coating | Reflective insulation coating | Ceramic insulation coating |
|---|
| Mechanism | Triple: low conductivity 0.026 W/(m·K) + high reflectance + high emittance | Single: 8–14 μm atmospheric-window radiative cooling | Single: high reflectance across visible and near-infrared solar bands | Ceramic microspheres: low conductivity + some reflection |
| Insulation + thermal | Dual — blocks heat in both directions | Cooling only; no winter thermal | Cooling only; no winter thermal | Dual — blocks heat in both directions |
| Colour | Any colour, dark or light | White / light only | White / light only | Largely unrestricted |
| Temperature range | −40 to 280 °C (blanket to 1250 °C) | −40 to 80 °C | −40 to 80 °C | −40 to 200 °C |
| Typical thickness | 2–5 mm (one tenth of rock-wool equivalent) | 0.1–0.3 mm | 0.1–0.3 mm | 5–20 mm |
| Fire rating | B1 | B1–B2 | B1–B2 | A1–A2 |
| Service life | 10+ years | 3–5 years | 3–5 years | 5–8 years |
Prefabricated Wall System Classification
Six dry-construction wall types on a steel/aluminium keel system — glue-free, demountable and recyclable. Modular with integrated conduit runs, about 70% faster than wet trades, essentially no construction waste; all-inorganic materials for fire and moisture resistance; M8 tie-rod connections that also absorb thermal movement.
| Wall type | Construction | Thickness | Fire · resistance | Acoustics | Typical use |
|---|
| 75 keel bare wall | 0.6 mm galvanised rolled steel keels + 3 aluminium through-cores + double 6–8 mm calcium silicate / magnesium oxychloride boards + 74 mm cement-foam fill | 86–90 mm | Class A · 3 h+ | 43 dB+ | Bare-delivery internal partitions |
| 75 keel finished wall | Same series, calcium-silicate faced boards | ~92 mm | Class A · 3 h+ | 43 dB+ | Partitions for hospitals, schools, hotels, offices |
| 75 keel steel-plate wall | Double 0.8 mm galvanised steel sheets + 74 mm cement-foam fill | ~76 mm | Class A · 3 h+ | ~40 dB | Impact-resistant partitions |
| 100 keel bare wall | Double 8 mm magnesium oxychloride boards + 98 mm cement-foam fill | ~116 mm | Class A · 3 h+ | ~45 dB | High-acoustic partitions |
| 58 aluminium finished wall | 1.2 mm aluminium male/female keels + double 4.2 mm ACP + 57 mm XPS | ~67 mm | Class B | — | Waterproof envelope: car-wash, outdoor rooms |
| 100 aluminium thermal-break wall | 1.2 mm thermal-break aluminium keels + 1.2 mm aluminium or 0.8 mm steel sheets + 98 mm XPS | ~102 mm | Class A | ~43 dB | Small buildings; thermal-break walls |
